Tropical teleconnection impacts on antarctic climate changes
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ABSTRACT Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general
Antarctic-wide expansion of sea ice, followed by a more recent rapid loss. Although these changes, featuring strong zonal asymmetry, are partially influenced by increasing greenhouse gas
emissions and stratospheric ozone depletion, tropical–polar teleconnections are believed to have a role through Rossby wave dynamics. In this Review, we synthesize understanding of tropical
teleconnections to the Southern Hemisphere extratropics arising from the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, focusing on the
mechanisms and long-term climatic impacts. These teleconnections have contributed to observed Antarctic and Southern Ocean changes, including regional rapid surface warming, pre-2015 sea
ice expansion and its sudden reduction thereafter, changes in ocean heat content and accelerated thinning of most of the Antarctic ice sheet. However, due to limited observations and
inherent model biases, uncertainties remain in understanding and assessing the importance of these teleconnections versus those arising from greenhouse gases, ozone recovery and internal
variability. Sustained pan-Antarctic efforts towards long-term observations, and more realistic dynamics and parameterizations in high-resolution climate models, offer opportunities to
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support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION CONTROLS MULTIDECADAL CHANGES IN THE NORTH TROPICAL ATLANTIC−PACIFIC CONNECTION Article Open access 16 February
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(2018YFA0605700). X.Li is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1509100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 41676190 and no.
41825012), and the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration (CXPT2020015). G.A.M. was supported by the Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) component of Earth and Environmental
System Modeling in the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) via National Science
Foundation IA 1947282 and by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Cooperative Agreement no.
1852977. X.Y. is supported by the LDEO endowment for this work. M.R. is supported by the National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs (grant no. NSF-OPP-1745089). D.M.H. is
supported by the Center for Global Sea Level Change (CSLC) of NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute (G1204) in the UAE and NSF PLR-1739003. Q.D. is supported by Climate Variability &
Predictability (NA18OAR4310424) as part of NOAA’s Climate Program Office. R.L.F. was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. U.S. NSF PLR-1744998. B.R.M. was supported,
in part, by a Stanback Postdoctoral Fellowship. D.H.B. was supported by the U.S. NSF award OPP-1823135. S.P.X. was supported by the National Science Foundation (AGS-2105654, AGS-1934392 and
AGS-1637450). S.T.G. was supported by the U.S. NSF awards PLR-1425989 and OPP-1936222, and by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (award DE-SC0020073). M.A.L. is supported by the Office of
Polar Programs, National Science Foundation grant (no. 1924730). X.Chen is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1509100) and the National Science
Foundation of China (no. 41825012). S.E.S. was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. U.S. NSF PLR-1440435. M.M.H. was supported by the National Science Foundation
under grant no. U.S. NSF OPP-1724748. S.F.P. is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research programme. Z.W. is supported by China
National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC) project nos. 41941007 and 41876220. E.P.G. is supported by the NSF grant AGS-1852727. H.G. is a research director within the Fonds de la Recherche
Scientifique-FNRS. C.Y. is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (grant NRF-2019R1C1C1003161). AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Institute of Atmospheric
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Xichen Li, Meijiao Xin, Xinyue Wang & Chentao Song * Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and
Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Wenju Cai, Guojian Wang & Xianyao Chen * Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology,
Qingdao, China Wenju Cai, Guojian Wang & Xianyao Chen * Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research (CSHOR), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia Wenju Cai &
Guojian Wang * Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA Gerald A. Meehl & Marika M. Holland * Second Institute of Oceanography,
Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China Dake Chen * Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China Dake Chen, Xiao Cheng, Zhaomin Wang &
Chengyan Liu * Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Xiaojun Yuan * Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Marilyn Raphael * Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA David M. Holland & Edwin P. Gerber * Center for Global Sea Level Change, New York
University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE David M. Holland * Department of Geography and Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Qinghua Ding
& Bradley R. Markle * Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA Ryan L. Fogt * Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Bradley
R. Markle & Sharon Stammerjohn * Byrd Polar & Climate Research Center and Atmospheric Sciences Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA David H. Bromwich * British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK John Turner & Paul R. Holland * Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla,
CA, USA Shang-Ping Xie & Sarah T. Gille * Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Eric J. Steig * State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface
Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Cunde Xiao * Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China Bingyi Wu * Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA Matthew A. Lazzara * Department of Physical Sciences, Madison Area
Technical College, Madison, WI, USA Matthew A. Lazzara * School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China Xiao Cheng * Fluid Dynamics and Solid Mechanics
Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA Stephen F. Price * College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China Zhaomin Wang & Chengyan Liu * Department of
Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Cecilia M. Bitz * Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Jiuxin Shi * Key
Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing, China Xi Liang * Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain
(UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Hugues Goosse * Department of Climate and Energy Systems Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea Changhyun Yoo * Institute of Tibetan
Plateau & Polar Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China Minghu Ding * School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China,
Hefei, China Lei Geng * Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China Chuanjin Li * College of Resources and Environment, University of
the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Tingfeng Dou * College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China Weijun Sun Authors * Xichen Li View author
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You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Chentao Song View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS X.Li, W.C.,
G.A.M., D.C., X.Y., M.R., D.M.H., Q.D., R.L.F., B.R.M., G.W., S.F.P., C.X., B.W., X.Chen and P.R.H. wrote specific sections or subsections, and provided figures for the Review. All authors
contributed to the manuscript preparation, interpretation, discussion and writing. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Xichen Li. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors
declare no competing interests. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PEER REVIEW INFORMATION _Nature Reviews Earth & Environment_ thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer
review of this work. PUBLISHER’S NOTE Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. GLOSSARY * Southern Annular Mode
(SAM). The leading mode of extratropical Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, characterized by pressure variability between the mid and high southern latitudes, influencing the
strength and position of the mid-latitude jet. * Anthropogenic forcings Climatic forcings linked to anthropogenic factors, typically, increased greenhouse gas concentrations associated with
fossil fuel burning, sulfate aerosols produced as an industrial by-product, stratospheric ozone depletion and human-induced changes in land surface properties. * Amundsen Sea Low (ASL). A
climatological low-pressure centre located over the southern end of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of West Antarctica, that exhibits substantial variability in strength, influencing the
climate of West Antarctica and the adjacent oceanic environment. * El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). An irregular periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the
tropical Pacific Ocean on interannual timescales; the warming phase, El Niño, is characterized by anomalous warm sea surface temperature over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific, together
with high and low surface pressure in the tropical western and eastern Pacific, respectively, and the cooling phase, La Niña, with generally opposite conditions. * Rossby wave trains A
series of cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices with a typical spatial scale of a thousand kilometres, superimposed on the uniform west-to-east flow, making up a succession of wave packages
occurring at periodic intervals. * Antarctic Circumpolar Wave Large-scale oceanic and atmospheric patterns, propagating eastward around the Southern Ocean with the Antarctic Circumpolar
Current, on interannual and sub-decadal timescales. Features can be detected in sea level pressure, sea surface height, sea surface temperature and atmospheric/oceanic circulation. *
Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). A climate mode describing changes in Pacific sea surface temperature on 20–30-year timescales; positive phases are characterized by an anomalous
warming over the tropical eastern Pacific and cooling patterns over the extratropical–mid-latitude western Pacific. * Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). A climate mode that affects the
sea surface temperature over the North Atlantic Ocean on multidecadal timescales, with an estimated period of ~60–70 years, and an amplitude of the spatial mean temperature up to 0.5°C. *
Hadley circulation Vertical–meridional overturning atmospheric circulation over the low-latitude troposphere, characterized by rising motion near the equator, with air flowing poleward at
the upper troposphere and descending over the subtropics. * Subtropical jet A belt of strong upper-troposphere westerly winds in the subtropics, affecting precipitation and temperatures over
the tropics and mid-latitudes. * Waveguide A certain layer of atmosphere, usually acted upon by the mean jet, in which the wave is trapped due to refraction, just as an electromagnetic wave
propagates in a metal waveguide. * Thermal wind balance The balance between vertical wind shear and horizontal gradients of virtual temperature in the atmosphere. * Walker circulation
Vertical–zonal overturning atmospheric circulation over the tropical belt; the dominant Pacific Walker cell is characterized by easterly winds at the lower troposphere, westerly winds at the
upper troposphere, rising motion over the western Pacific and descending motion over the eastern Pacific. * South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). A band of low-level convergence,
cloudiness and precipitation extending from the Western Pacific Warm Pool at the Maritime Continent south-eastwards of the French Polynesia and as far as the Cook Islands (160°W, 20°S).
RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Li, X., Cai, W., Meehl, G.A. _et al._ Tropical teleconnection impacts on Antarctic climate changes. _Nat
Rev Earth Environ_ 2, 680–698 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00204-5 Download citation * Accepted: 14 July 2021 * Published: 31 August 2021 * Issue Date: October 2021 * DOI:
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