The top scientific breakthrough for 2020 was understanding sars-cov-2 and how it causes covid-19 – and then developing multiple vaccines

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has killed approximately 2.2% of those worldwide who are known to have contracted it. But the situation could be a lot

worse without modern medicine and science. The last such global scourge was the influenza pandemic of 1918, which is estimated to have killed 50 million people at a time when there was no

internet or easy access to long-distance telephones to disseminate information. Science was limited, which made it difficult to identify the cause and initiate vaccine development. The world

is 100% more prepared for the current pandemic than it was 100 years ago. However, it has still affected our lives profoundly. I am a physician scientist who specializes in the study of

viruses and runs a microbiology laboratory that tests for SARS-CoV-2 infections. I’ve seen firsthand patients with severe COVID-19 illness and have dedicated myself to developing diagnostics

for this disease. It’s a remarkable testament to science that a novel disease-causing virus has been discovered, the genetic material completely decoded, new therapies created to fight it

and multiple safe and effective vaccines developed all within the span of a year – an accomplishment that the journal Science has pegged the breakthrough of 2020. Most vaccines take 10-15

years to develop. Until now the fastest vaccine developed was against the mumps virus, which took four years. Now, in the midst of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, one vaccine is already authorized

for use in the U.S., with a second close behind. Other vaccines have already been rolled out in countries across the globe. SCIENCE FAST-TRACKED This pandemic put science front and center.

One of the most significant scientific advances in the past 15 years has been the ability to read the genetic instructions – or genome – that encode viruses. The process of sequencing the

genome of a virus is called next generation sequencing, and it has revolutionized science by allowing researchers to rapidly decode the genome of a virus or bacterium, quickly and

cost-effectively. This strategy was used to determine the sequence of SARS-CoV-2 early in January 2020 before epidemiologists even recognized that it had already spread around the world.

Obtaining the sequence allowed for the rapid development of diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 and to figure out who was infected and how the virus might spread. SARS-CoV coronavirus was responsible

for an outbreak that spanned 2002-2004, but was not particularly contagious and was limited mostly to Southeast Asia. SARS-CoV-2 has evolved two separate qualities that allow it to spread

more easily. First, it has an enormous potential for triggering asymptomatic infections, in which the virus infects carriers who don’t experience symptoms and may never know they are

infected and transmitting the virus to others. Second, it can spread via aerosolized particles. Most of these viruses spread via large respiratory droplets, which are visible and fall out of

the air within three to six feet. But SARS-CoV-2 can also spread through airborne transmission via much smaller particles that remain in the air for several hours. While in 1918 people went

on blind faith that masking reduced transmission, this time around, science provided us with concrete answers. There have been several studies demonstrating the efficacy of masking. These

types of studies inform the public that mask-wearing, social distancing, hand-washing and limiting crowd sizes decrease circulating virus and thus reduce hospitalizations and death. While

they don’t get much fanfare, these studies are among the most important discoveries in response to this pandemic. SCIENCE AIDS DIAGNOSTICS Many tests for the virus are performed using PCR,

which is short for polymerase chain reaction. This method uses specialized proteins and virus-matching DNA sequences called primers to create more copies of the virus. These additional

copies allow PCR machines to detect the presence of the virus; doctors can then tell you if you are infected. Because of the availability of the virus’s genome sequence, any researcher can

design primers that match the virus to develop a diagnostic test. Early on, the World Health Organization developed a PCR test to detect the virus and disseminated instructions on how to use

it to researchers and physicians around the globe. This was a remarkable achievement that allowed countries across the world to rapidly develop diagnostic tests using this template. This

distribution changed the course of the pandemic in many countries. TREATMENTS HAVE LOWERED MORTALITY RATES Treatments for infectious diseases often evolve over time. There is no vaccine yet

for hepatitis C, but over recent years treatments have evolved from those that make you very ill to those that are highly efficacious with few side effects. We are now seeing similar things

in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, just on an accelerated timeline. With the aid of clinical studies, we now have treatments such as steroids, antiviral medications like Remdesivir and infusions of

antibodies. Physicians also know how to alter a patient’s position in ways that increase the chance of survival. VACCINE DEVELOPMENT COULD END PANDEMIC This pandemic could end if the virus

swept through the population killing millions but leaving the survivors with natural immunity. More likely the virus will snuff itself out when most of the population has been vaccinated

with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. That is especially true in parts of the world where frequent testing and public health strategies are difficult to implement. It took many years to develop an

influenza vaccine, with the first available in 1942. Other successes with smallpox and polio, and more recent ones like HPV and _Haemophilus influenzae_ Type b, have provided blueprints for

vaccine development. Governments across the world have partnered with private companies to expedite the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. This has led to multiple different companies

developing their own different versions of vaccines. Normally, these take years to develop; however, by leveraging recent successes and accumulated knowledge, the timeline was accelerated

significantly. Normally, new vaccines go through phase 1 (safety), phase 2 (efficacy) and phase 3 (comparison) trials, but as demonstrated in the current trials, phases 2 and 3 can be

combined for expediency. And large-scale manufacturing can begin when the vaccine is still in trials, potentially cutting years off the timeline. Technology is at the forefront of the

development of these vaccines. Some of the coronavirus vaccines take advantage of mRNA technology, which essentially programs our cells to develop immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. Others

use viruses as delivery mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 proteins to which your body develops an immune response. Both types have thus far been shown to be effective, but long-term safety will

remain controversial when vaccines are developed on such an expedited timeline. LESSONS LEARNED This disease, which began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and was first diagnosed in either

November or December of 2019, is the perfect illustration of just how rapidly viruses spread in a connected world. We got previews of what could happen from the recent outbreaks of Ebola and

Zika virus, but the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been on a different level. It has underscored that when we receive warnings about contagious viruses, rapid and decisive action must be taken in

all parts of the world to reduce its spread. Where there is more strict compliance with public health policies, there have been profound reductions in virus transmission. While the research

that has made all this possible might fly under the radar right now, history will record this time as one of the greatest periods for scientific advancements. [_Understand new developments

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