Is progesterone a neutral or protective factor for breast cancer?

In her Review (Progesterone signalling in breast cancer: a neglected hormone coming into the limelight. Nature Rev. Cancer 13, 385–396 (2013))1, Cathrin Brisken gave an overview of the role

of progesterone in breast cancer aetiology. She collected a range of experimental and observational data supporting the hypothesis that increased levels of endogenous progesterone might

represent a risk factor for breast cancer and that progesterone receptor activation promotes breast carcinogenesis. The Review was highly appreciated and included many interesting study

results. However, some important evidence that supported the opposite hypothesis (that progesterone is a neutral or protective factor for breast cancer) was not included. Here, I wish to

list the contradictory evidence in order to provide comprehensive information on the functional activity of progesterone in breast cancer development.

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